Is There One Best Way to Structure an Organisation free essay sample

Organisations are social entities that which are made up of a group of people that work together in achieving the same goal. Organisational structure is the framework that controls the hierarchy of the organisation and defines authorities and duties to its members. There is no one best way in which an organisation can be structured. Firstly, neither centralised or decentralised organisational structures were found to be better for organisations. Organisation structure is very complex and company specific where there are a number of different variables dictate what structure is to be used where even modelling has attempted to determine the best fit. Different organisational structures tend to benefit the strategies of different organisations . Centralised or decentralised organisational structures are neither better nor worst than each other. Centralised management structure of an organisation is when decision making is kept at the top the hierarchical structure as oppose to centralised structure where responsibility is spread over a larger group. We will write a custom essay sample on Is There One Best Way to Structure an Organisation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A Canadian law firm, Borden Ladner Gervais (BLG) found that when they altered their organisation structure to a more decentralised structure, that it proved beneficial for their business. It allowed for the regional offices to have their own control of their operations while still maintaining constant communication. The firms national managing partner, Sean Weir, said A top-down structure that might work for someone else was definitely not going to work for us (Gray, J, 2003). This law firm demonstrated how a decentralised structure was able to be better for an organisation than a centralised structure. Leiponen and Helfat (2011) also found that decentralised organisational structures were best suited to research and development as it minimised coordination costs and that division managers were better rewarded for dealing with their won markets. However, the centralised organisational structure also offer benefits as it allows senior management greater control over the organisation which means better decisions that also share the joint interests of the whole organisation. For these reasons there is not better or worse to structure an organisation in a centralised or decentralised manner. Organisation structure is very company specific and complex. It depends on the organisations industry, location, size, ownership type and many other things. There has been efforts to produce empirical models to determine the perfect organisation structure for any organisation. The Cubic Contingency Model (CCM) is one such example that has 27 structure fits that can be applied to organisations. The CCM used principles that had been applied in other models including the Stopford nd Wells Model and the Donaldson Model to get a more complete representation which could be applied to a larger range of organisations structures (Qiu and Donaldson, 2010). In this way modelling is constantly being done to improve the ability to determine good ways of structuring individual organisations and in turn improve how the organisation can function as a whole. The motivation to have the se models is reason that all organisations have a different best structure. Different organisation structures tend to benefit the strategies of different companies. Strategies of different organisations differ greatly and the relationship between strategy and structure has been studied and suggests that organisational design is dependent on strategy. Pertusa-Ortega, MolinaAzorin, Claver-Cortes (2010) found that organizational structure does not exert a direct influence on performance but it did have indirect influence. Dual management is an organisational structure where they are essentially headed by two people. In this style of management one of the leaders would play a managerial role while the other a more creative role. This Dual management structure would be more consistent with a non-for-profit organisation (Landry,2011). In this way the broad types of different structures of organisations are used by wide range of different organisations in different industry sectors. Organisations are very complex and because of this are unique. Organisations always have a changing external environment which forces internal changes. Through the examples that have been explained previously it can be seen that no one structure is able to bring out the best performance of any organisation.

Easy Persuasive Essay Topics For Middle School Students

Easy Persuasive Essay Topics For Middle School StudentsEasy persuasive essay topics for middle school students are harder to come by than most writers will admit. Because of the overabundance of information the middle grades present, they're even more difficult than high school.This is especially true in middle school when students are still learning about how to think for themselves. It takes a great deal of bravery and confidence to write a persuasive essay. Even teachers know that very few children have these qualities. Thus, it's usually up to middle schoolers to tell their own opinions and ideas.Essays, just like the previous ages, are generally fairly easy to write. It's just that the grades really rely on how creative you can be. Because writing essays is a skill, you can't expect the same skill to be applied in all subjects. Some subjects, such as geography, require the reader to put in more effort, but those that are easy to do, like history, general studies, and science, ar e expected to be completed without much problem.Just because your essays weren't very good in elementary school doesn't mean they'll be poor in middle school. When you take the time to choose easy persuasive essay topics for middle school students, you're teaching them that they can be successful in all subjects. As their friends and peers become more complex, you'll also be teaching them to think for themselves.Just because middle school is an advanced form of education, it's not the time to become timid. You need to keep your head held high and know that you can write all kinds of essays. When you want to convince readers, you have to give them reasons to consider your argument.History is probably the easiest form of writing that requires little effort. The people in history are familiar with their own situation and so we understand where they are coming from. People tend to be very open with their history. This means that there are very few difficult persuasive essay topics for m iddle school students to tackle.If you want easy persuasive essay topics for middle school students, there are two options. You can either write about a subject that's easy to discuss (such as sports) or write about an ancient time period. In fact, history is perhaps the easiest of all the essay topics for middle school students to write about.If you want to choose one of the easiest and most persuasive essay topics for middle school students, think about sports. Sports provide some of the simplest ways to get across your points about your idea.

Porphyria the Vampire Disease Essay Example

Porphyria: the Vampire Disease Paper Rachael McAlister AP II Extra Credit Paper J. Kamykowski 29 – November 2011 Porphyria: The Vampire Disease Porphyrias are a hereditary group of disorders in which heme is not properly made. There are many different forms of this disorder, with porphyria cutanea tarda being the most common type. Remember what happens to Edward Cullen from the Twilight series when he gets out in the sun? Yea, me neither. But in classic movies and early folklore, vampires were commonly depicted as having purplish, ruddy colored bloated skin. Fictional vampires are also known to fear the sunlight because the sun could damage their delicate skin or they could start sparkling. Porphyria has these same symptoms, minus the sparkling skin, which is why it is nicknamed The Vampire Disease. The process of making heme is a multi-step process. Porphyrins are made during this process. People with porphyria lack certain enzymes which causes buildups of porphyrins in the body. It usually attacks the nervous system or skin or both. When exposed to sunlight, a person with cutaneous porphyria can develop blisters, itching, scaring, and swelling of the skin. Porphyria in the nervous system is call acute porphyria. Symptoms of acute porphyria include: chest or abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation. Certain medications, sunlight, smoking, alcohol, stress, or infections can trigger attacks with acute porphyria. An attack can include muscle numbness or tingling, paralysis, cramping, and personality and mental changes. With many forms of porphyria, a person may experience red urine. Porphyria is a rare disease. All the forms of the disease together affect less than 200,000 people in the US. We will write a custom essay sample on Porphyria: the Vampire Disease specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Porphyria: the Vampire Disease specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Porphyria: the Vampire Disease specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The most common form, porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), affects around 1 in 10,000 people, while only six reported cases of ALAD-deficiency porphyria have been documented. Erythropoietic protophyria is the most common form among children. Acute Prophyrias seem to occur more often in northern European countries such as Sweden and the United Kingdom. Hereditary coproporphyria is reported most often in Europe and North America. Variegate porphyria is most common in the Afrikaner population of South Africa. Symptoms usually don’t manifest until later in adulthood. Most of the time porphyria is inherited. It is caused from a mutation in one or more of the following genes: ALAD, ALHS2, CPOX, FECH, HMBS, PPOX, UROD, and UROS. These genes provide instructions on how to produce the enzymes needed to make heme. 20% of cases are related to mutations in the UROD gene. Some types are inherited in an autosomal dominate pattern. This means that one copy of the gene in each cell is mutated. This increases the risk of developing signs and symptoms of the disease. Other forms are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that both copies of the gene in each cell is mutated. Most often, the parents do not show any signs or symptoms when this is the case. Erythropoietic protophyria has an X linked dominate pattern of inheritance. Males may experience more severe symptoms of the disease than women. One of the main treatment options is the avoid the sun. A patient should quit smoking and drinking alcohol not only to aid in the benefit of their porphyria, but for overall health. Therapeutic phlebotomy may be used to improve heme production. Hematin may be administered intravenously in the event of a sudden acute attack. Pain medication, propranolol, and sedatives may also be used in this situation. Other treatment may include: Beta-carotene supplements, chloroquine, and fluids and glucose to boost carbohydrate levels. A high carbohydrate diet is recommended for patients with porphyria. Panhematin ® is the only available heme therapy treatment in the US. It is administered via a large central line or port. It is used to correct heme deficiency in the liver and repress the production of porphyrin precursors. Next time you are watching Dracula, pay close attention to his skin. His purplish, easily bruised or injured skin closely resembles the skin of someone with porphyrin. These people have to limit their time in the sun or they will blister. Sometimes they can experience problems breathing or chest pains. This disease, nicknamed The Vampire Disease, is rare but very painful for those that suffer from it. Works Cited Porphyria. † NCBI. gov. U. S. National Library of Medicine, 28 Feb. 2011. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Porphyria. † MedlinePlus. U. S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Nov. 2011. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Porphyria. † Genetics Home Reference. U. S. National Library of Medicine, July 2009. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. American Porphyria Foundation, 2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. Sassa, Shigeru. â€Å"Modern Diagnosis and Management of the Porphyrias. † Brittish Journal of Haematology 135. 3 (2006): 281-292. Academic Search Elite. Web. 29-Nov. 2011

buy custom Identifying a Patient essay

buy custom Identifying a Patient essay Establishing whether a patient is new or established is proving to be a very controversial issue. Every practitioner has his/her way of identifying a patient thus making it difficult for there to be a standard way of determining patients. While new policies define a new patient differently, practitioners who follow the old policies find themselves in a mix not knowing which policies to exactly follow. While the definitions are almost self explanatory, it is not clear to everyone what they precisely mean. A new patient can be defined as one who has never received any medical or other professional care from either the same or a different practitioner but serving in the same capacity or in the same professional group as the initial practitioner for a period of three years (Anderson, 2004, p. 3). An established patient on the other hand is one who has at one point received medical and other specialized services from the same practitioner or any other practitioner who serves in the same area of expertise or in the same group as the initial practitioner. A patient however qualifies to be called an established patient if his/her consecutive visits fall within three year. If this period exceeds three years, then the patient is treated like a new patient (Anderson, 2004, p. 21). Like any other aspect of healthcare service delivery, the distinction between an established and a new patient and providing appropriate coding for them has been complex in the past few years. This distinction is very important in billing and coding in that it helps the practitioners in giving the appropriate codes for established and new patients. One major difference between their codes is that established patients codes require the satisfaction of only two key components, exam and medical decisions while the codes for new patients require three components, the two mentioned above plus their medical history since it is not with the physician (Anderson, 2004, p. 3). Established patients codes range between 99211 and 99215 while new patients codes range between 99201 and 99205 (Abbey, 2008, p. 157). Appropriate coding therefore enables the patients to achieve accurate compensation and get better healthcare. Correct coding and billing also increases the standards of compliance for both the patients and their physicians (Abbey, 2008, p. 164). Buy custom Identifying a Patient essay

Labor Relations Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labor Relations Paper - Essay Example The labor unions have benefited the organizations as well, even though they are perceived in a very wrong manner at times. There are issues that need to be resolved as far as the organizational understanding is concerned. What remains to be seen is the fact whether or not the labor unions were able to garner support from the different quarters, i.e. for the ones that already exist in the first place. The need of the hour is such that these labor unions bring together positive relations which will eventually mean success for the organizational discourse and tie in the employees with the nuances of the organizational philosophy. If there is an attitude of being indifferent towards the labor unions and the labor relations that come up as a result of the same, then this means that there is a storm which is waiting to dawn upon the organizational tenets and, thus, it would be a good idea to resolve such ambiguities beforehand, so that the organizational understandings are not compromised upon under any situation whatsoever (Robinson, 1990). Therefore, the labor relations need to be properly comprehended before one can remark them as being fruitful for the organization or completely dismal in their own right. Since the labor relations are directly related to the organizational performance tenets, there is a good enough basis of finding out how these two are linked in essence. What this implies is the fact that organizational performance depends a great deal on how well the employees tie in with each other and discuss issues which plague their lives in one way or the other. Some of the workers believe in labor unions while a number of them are totally against this very idea. They are of the opinion that these labor relations would not bring any harmony within their ranks and, hence, it would be a good idea to keep away from such quarters. What this essentially suggests is the eventual goodwill that can come about or simply evade from the relevant settings, and which r emain significant within the due course of things as far as labor relations and the existence of the labor unions are concerned (Dworkin, 1988). The differing strategies, policies and practices more or less indicate where eventually the issues will arise and how those issues will be resolved in the future. If workers hold the opinion that it is for their own good to get involved with unions and have labor relations, then this suggests the mindset which has either developed whilst remaining within the organization or has come about with the passage of time. Then again, it is imperative to know where the eventual misgivings are and how these could be removed within the relevant scheme of things. Some employees would not quite appreciate the labor relations and unions, which will ultimately mean that they distance themselves from the ones who are more actively engaged within such labor unions. This means that there would be differences amongst the organizational domains, which is not s uch a good thing to have. Labor unions are still rampant within the United States and they bring to the fore the understanding that the American workplace employees require such a swift change within their professional domains. They believe it is their right to have these labor unions and labor

Business Law in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Law in Australia - Essay Example This clearly makes the advertisement misleading and deceptive or as the addition of 1977 to the provision said "is likely to mislead or deceive'. This section provides the consumers protection against false company promises and advertisements. David Harland even believed that this law protected consumers from deceptive advertisement and promotional stuff.( Cornwall-Jones, 2000) Section 52 is perfectly applicable to the conduct of ABCD co, because it satisfies all the requirements of s 52. Firstly, the act is primarily applicable to corporations and ABCD co, is a corporation. Secondly, the conduct has occurred in the field of " trade and commerce". Thirdly, the offending party, the wine company, was " engaged in the conduct" which means as it was the one that offered the tickets and later revoke it without any prior notice to its consumers; it was engaged in the misleading conduct. Fourthly, their conduct, which is under analysis, was misleading and deceptive. ABCD co may state that they did not intend to mislead or deceive, but it is of little importance as their conduct misled consumers like Bob and Sally. The Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke ball case can be used to support their case. it is one of most famous cases in the common law of contracts. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company claimed to have made a product that could protect its users for contracting influenza a nd if someone would contract, the company would pay 100 pounds to its user. It became very popular in 1890s and was being sold throughout Britain and North America. For Mrs. Carlill the product did not work and she contracted influenza. She wrote to the company and she was told that advertisement wasn't serious. So she filed a suit against them. The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company defended its case by saying that she neither informed them that she was using the product and wants its price in case it did not work or did they benefit from her use. However, the court overruled both the arguments because it defended Mrs. Carlill by saying that she had entered an agreement with the company as soon as she bought product and the product was " unilateral offer". Thus, as a result the company had to pay her the promised money. It brought into the enforcement the law of " unilateral offers", where the consumer accepts the offer when he simply buys the product. As soon as the sale of product takes place, he comes into contract with the company and he is entitled to all offers, privileges, gifts being offered with the product. (" Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball"), ("Carbolic Smoke Ball") If ABCD co may try to defend its position by showing the notice, in which the offer has been revoked and which appeared half an hour before Bob and Sally reached there or it may have already added an exclusion clause that would protect the company from any liability resulting from the breach. With the help of section 52, the power of any such exclusion clause will be reduced to great extent. (Cornwall-Jones, 2000) However, section 52, does not provide any remedies for the losses incurred by the people. Part VI of the TPA provides recoveries for a breach of s 52, and it includes s 82 damages, s 87 court orders and s 80 injunctions. It is not sufficient that a certain advertisement is proved as misleading; the consumer has to bring into light the losses he incurred as a result of being misled. Section 82 provides remedies for

Research design and methodology Essay Example for Free

Research design and methodology Essay Despite the fact that the complete genome of the organism was already sequenced, the specific genes coding for the needed enzymes to form pores in the host cell were still unidentified. With this lack of information, this study is formulated and designed. Culturing of B. bacteriovorus HD100 on prey dependent and prey independent set-ups: Predatory (HD) cultures of B. bacteriovorus HD100 will be grown on E. coli in Ca2_-HEPES buffer at 30Â °C, with shaking at 200 rpm (8). Escherichia coli ML35 and E. coli W7-M5 (10) will be used as the prey throughout the experiments. Escherichia coli ML35 will be cultured in nutrient broth (Difco Laboratories), and E. coli W7-M5, a lysine and DAP auxotroph, will be cultured in nutrient broth supplemented with 0. 2 mM lysine and 0. 1 mM DAP at 37Â °C with shaking at 200 rpm. Prey-independent HI strains will be plated on rich peptone-yeast extract (PY) medium (8). Synchronous cultures: Synchronous cultures will be used for performing various experiments as described below. Briefly, fresh bdellovibrios will be added to prey cells in HM buffer (3 mM N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-1 mM CaCl. LQ. One mM of MgCl2 will be adjusted to pH 7. 6 using NaOH (10). The organisms will be grown until a final concentration of 1010 bdellovibrios per ml and 5 x 109 E. coli per ml is reached. For proper aeration, volumes will be kept to ? 20% of the flask’s volume and incubated at 30Â °C with shaking at 400 rpm. Synchronous cultures will be examined at intervals for attachment and penetration with a Nikon model L-Ke microscope (Nippon Kogaku Inc. ) equipped with phase-contrast optics and a Nikon model AF camera. Time course Microarray analysis. Time course Microarray analysis will be performed to identify the genes to be expressed during the entry phase, specifically during pore formation on the host cell membrane of B. bacterovorus H100. Microarray slides of B. bacteriovorus H100 will be ordered from Advanced Throughput, Inc Services. Total cellular RNA will be extracted from B. bacteriovorus H100 cells at entry phase using the RNeasy mid kit (Qiagen). The RNA of the organism will also be extracted during the other stages of infection. This will serve as a reference for comparison of the genes expressed and not expressed at the desired stage. Complementary DNA synthesis, fragmentation, labeling, hybridization, staining and washing will be performed according to the Affymetrix B. bacteriovorus H100 GeneChip array expression analysis protocol (Affymetrix). Briefly, cDNA will be synthesized from RNA using Superscript II (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA will be removed by alkaline treatment and subsequent neutralization. Complementary DNA will be purified with QIAquick PCR purification columns (Qiagen). Purified cDNA will be fragmented by DNase I (Amersham) at 37Â °C for 10 min followed by end labeling with biotinddUTP, using an Enzo BioArray terminal labeling kit (Affymetrix), at 37Â °C for 60 min. Hybridization will be performed in an Affymetrix GeneChip hybridization Oven 640. Washing and staining will be performed using an Affymetrix Fluidics Station 400. Arrays will be scanned with an Agilent GeneArray Scanner G2500A. GeneChip scans will be initially analyzed using the Affymetrix Microarray Suite 5. 1 software, from which PivotData tables will be exported. Raw data from the PivotData Tables will be analyzed in GeneSpring software version 6 (Silicon Genetics), using the parameters suggested by Silicon Genetics for analysis of Affymetrix Microarrays. Real-time PCR: Real-time PCR using the Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-time PCR system will be performed to confirm microarray results. RNA will be extracted from B. bacteriovorus H100 at initial phases of predatory life cycle up to entry phase as described above. RNA will be reverse transcribed into cDNA and simultaneously labelled using the iScript One-step RT-PCR kit with SYBR Green (Biorad). RT-PCR reactions will also be performed to amplify cDNA of housekeeping genes (identified from micro array studies) for normalization of fluorescence values. Identifying the specific hydrolytic enzymes of B. bacteriovorus which are involved in pore formation on host cell membrane. Many experiments showed that B. bacteriovorus H100 releases hydrolytic enzymes during predatory life cycle. According to Thomashow and Ritterberg, glycanases and lipopolysaccharideases are required for pore formation in the prey’s peptidoglycan and LPS layers respectively. The glycanase and/or peptidase could be responsible for weakening the peptidoglycan layer of the prey and thereby responsible for permitting conversion of the substrate cell to a spherical shape (10). Tudor et al. proposed another model for penetration. According to them peptidase is responsible for pore formation but not glycanase (11). Specific enzymes involved in pore formation are not known. The genes identified from the time course micro array technique will be mutated as described previously using suicide vector pSSK10. Resulting mutants will be complemented by using vector pMMB206 (8). Mutants will be analysed for the specific enzymes (using 2D-gel electrophoresis) and their actions on host cell i. e, as a glycanase, LPSase or peptidase will be observed by radio labelling experiments (10). Wild-type B. bacteriovorus H100 and complemented strains will be used as controls. Radio labeling experiments: Escherichia. coli W7-M5, auxotroph for lysine and DAP and cannot metabolize glucosamine, will be radiolabelled as described previously (9,10). Peptide portion of E.coli W7-M5 peptidoglycan will be labelled with [3H] DAP and the lipopolysaccharides and glycan portions of the peptidoglycan will be labeled with [3H]glucosamine. Various mutants and wild-type strains will be tested for predation using this radiolabelled strain. Solubilisation of glucosamine and DAP from labelled prey peptidoglycan will be measured as described previously (11). Briefly, samples taken at intervals will be precipitated with an equal volume of cold 10% trichloroacetic acid for 30 min followed by centrifugation. Resulting supernatants will be assayed for soluble radioactivity in a scintillation counter (Rackbeta II). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: The hydrolytic enzymes released by B. bacteriovorus H100 during its predatory life cycle will be analyzed by performing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Sample preparation for 2D-gel electrophoresis: Escherichia coli ML35 cells will be challenged with B. bacteriovorus H100 wild-type as well as the mutant strain. Culture fluid will be drawn from synchronous cultures during attachment and entry phases of B. bacteriovorus H100. Culture fluid will be centrifuged to discard any cell debris. Proteins in the supernatant will be precipitated using cold acetone. The precipitated proteins will be separated by centrifugation. The precipitated pellet will be air dried and will be dissolved in rehydration solution (8M urea, 2% CHAPS {3-[3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate}, 18 mM DTT, 0. 5% IPG buffer pH range 4-7; Amersham Biosciences), plus a trace of bromophenol blue. Sample protein concentrations will be determined using the BCA protein assay (Pierce). Resulting protein pellet will be subjected to 2D-gel electrophoresis.